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Chicano Studies 37: Chicana and Chicano Literature

Section Number 0173; Summer 2008

Los Angeles Mission College-- Professor José A. Maldonado

Office Hours: by appointment

Room INST 1001, cubicle # 16; (818) 833-3412; maldonja@lamission.edu

TESTS

There will be one exam in this class, a mid term which will be a multiple choice quiz on the following definitions. See the Course Syllabus for the date of this quiz. There will be no Final Exam in this class.

ALLITERATION: Also called “initial rhyme”, alliteration is a rhyme-pattern produced inside the poetic line by repeating sounds at the beginning of words. For example, “With old woes new wail my dear time’s waste” Shakespeare, Sonnet 30.

ANTAGONIST: The antagonist is any character in a literary work that opposes the efforts of the protagonist (hero or main character). Many stories have only a single antagonist (or one main one), while longer works—especially novels—may have many antagonists.

ALLUSION: A brief or implicit reference to something outside the text.

ANALOGY: The invocation of a similar but different instance to that which is being represented, in order to bring out its salient features through the comparison.

ARGUMENT: The poem’s plot or sequence of ideas that forms its conceptual structure.

ASSONANCE: The rhyme-pattern produced inside the poetic line by repeating similar vowels, or clusters of consonants and vowels.

AUTHOR: The writer of a book, article, essay, etc.

BALLAD: A narrative poem which was originally sung and so often includes a refrain. Ballads tend to tell simple stories in simple language. See Coleridge’s “Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and Keats’s “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” for literary imitations of the ballad form.

CHARACTER: A person in a novel, play, short story, etc.

CLIMAX: The highest point of intensity, interest, activity in a novel, short story, play, etc.

CONNOTATION: The linguistic term used for the associations which may be usually evoked by the word, or which may be evoked by a specific context, as opposed to the literal sense of a word or its strict dictionary definition, which is called its denotation.

CONSONANCE: Repetition of consonantal sounds to make a pattern, usually in verse.

COUPLET: A pair of lines of verse, usually rhymed and of the same number of feet.

DENOUMENT: The closure of a work of fiction usually occurs after the climax.

EPILOGUE: A final section of a work, which serves to conclude the whole.

ESSAY: A literary composition, especially one dealing with a single subject from a personal point of view.

FABLE: A fictitious moral tale or legend of ancient origin.

FICTION: Literature made up of imaginary events and characters, as novels, short stories, plays, etc.

FORESHADOWING: In a work of fiction, it is the hinting at things to come later on in the story.

GENRE: A term used to designate a type of literature according to its subject matter and how the subject is treated.

LYRIC: A poem expressing personal emotion, or the words of a song.

METAPHOR: A statement of identity between two things which usually has the form he is a dog” or she is a peach. The relationship must not use the comparatives “like”, “as”, “as if”, and “than” for if these are present the figure is a simile (q.v.) or analogy (q.v.).

MOTIF: A recurrent image, word, phrase, theme, character, or situation.

NOVEL: A fictional prose narrative of considerable length with a plot and characters.

NARRATOR: The person telling the story. First person: “I”, Second Person: “He, She, They”, etc.

NONFICTION: A literary form that is either factual or based on a person’s opinion, as in an essay, biography, autobiography, etc.

ODE: In English, a long, serious poem with an elaborate stanzaic structure for which there is no conventional form.

ONOMATOPOEIA: The use of words to imitate non-verbal sound, for example ‘hiss’, ‘bang’, ‘pop’ or even ‘kerpow’.

OXYMORON: A figurative use of language in which two opposite qualities are conjoined, as in bitter-sweet.

PARODY: Writing or utterance which exaggerates another person’s style so as to reveal its salient features.

PASTORAL: A genre that represents the pleasures of rural life, typically that of shepherds.

PERSONIFICATION: A figurative use of language which attributes human qualities to ideas or things.

PLOT: The series of incidents forming the plan of action of a novel, play, etc.

PROSE: Writing, especially in literature, distinguished from poetry by the lack of conscious rhyme and usually by rhythms suggesting ordinary speech.

PROTAGONIST: The hero or main character in a work of fiction.

PUN: A figure of speech where a word is used ambiguously, thus invoking two or more of its meanings, often for comic effect.

RHETORIC: The language and science of persuasion, in other words, oratory. In the middle ages, rhetoric was one of the important liberal arts and was studied as a separate discipline along with grammar and logic. Rhetoric today comprises all the techniques used to sway a hearer or reader, notably the figures of speech, rhythm, diction or idiolect, temporal and logical structure.

RHETORICAL QUESTION: A question posed for effect and to which it is assumed there will be no answer.

RHYME: The pattern of sound that establishes unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is “end rhyme”; inside a line it is “internal rhyme”. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables (for example, fight-might, blue-true-flew). If the end rhyme is exact it is called “perfect”, if not, it is called “imperfect”.

SATIRE: A work which censures folly or wickedness.

SETTING: The time and place in which a work of fiction takes place.

SIMILE: A figure of speech that expresses the resemblance of two different things usually introduced by as or like. For example, "Come. Let's away to prison; we two alone will sing like birds in the cage." King Lear, 5.3.8-9. (C.f..metaphor.)

SHORT STORY: A short fictional prose narrative with plot and characters.

SYMBOLISM: Symbolism came into English literature in the late nineteenth century from France and sought to use newly-created or pre-existing symbols to provide intense complexes of emotion and thought which have a transcendent and unifying effect on the hearer or reader.

THEME: A main subject or topic, as in a short story, novel, play, essay, etc.

TITLE: The name of a book, play, song, motion picture, etc.

VERSE: Either an individual line of a poem, or metrical language as distinguished from prose.

WIT: In the Renaissance it meant ‘intelligence’ or ‘wisdom’; in the seventeenth century it meant ‘fancy’ or ‘agility of thought’; in the eighteenth century the ability to judge correctly.